DC DC ConvertersDC-DC converters are electronic devices that are used to convert a direct current (DC) voltage from one level to another. They are commonly used in a variety of applications, such as battery-powered systems, solar power systems, and automotive systems. A DC-DC converter typically consists of an input stage, which receives the input DC voltage, and an output stage, which produces the output DC voltage. In between these stages, there is a conversion circuit, which is designed to convert the input voltage to the desired output voltage, and to provide isolation, regulation, and protection. The specific design and operating characteristics of a DC-DC converter depend on the intended application and the input and output voltage levels. Some DC-DC converters are designed to operate over a wide input voltage range, while others are optimized for a specific input voltage or range of input voltages.